SQLAlchemy - Adding a ForeignKeyConstraint to a many-to-many table that is based on another relationship

Forgive me if this has been answered elsewhere. I've been searching SO and haven't been able to translate the seemingly relevant Q&As to my scenerio.

I'm working on a fun personal project where I have 4 main schemas (barring relationships for now):

• Persona (name, bio)
• Episode (title, plot)
• Clip (url, timestamp)
• Image (url)

Restrictions (Basis of Relationships):

1. A Persona can show up in multiple episodes, as well as multiple clips and images from those episodes (but might not be in all clips/images related to an episode).
2. An Episode can contain multiple personas, clips, and images.
3. An Image/Clip can only be related to a single Episode, but can be related to multiple personas.
4. If a Persona is already assigned to episode(s), then any clip/image assigned to the persona can only be from one of those episodes or (if new) must only be capable of having one of the episodes that the persona appeared in associated to the clip/image.
5. If an Episode is already assigned persona(s), then any clip/image assigned to the episode must be related to aleast one of those personas or (if new) must only be capable of having one or more of the personas from the episode associated to the clip/image.

I've designed the database structure like so:

This generates the following sql:

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS episodes;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS personas;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS personas_episodes;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS clips;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS personas_clips;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS images;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS personas_images;


CREATE TABLE episodes (
id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
title VARCHAR(120) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
plot TEXT,
tmdb_id VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
tvdb_id VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
imdb_id VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL);

CREATE TABLE personas (
id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
bio TEXT NOT NULL);

CREATE TABLE personas_episodes (
persona_id INT NOT NULL,
episode_id INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (persona_id,episode_id),
FOREIGN KEY(persona_id) REFERENCES personas(id),
FOREIGN KEY(episode_id) REFERENCES episodes(id));

CREATE TABLE clips (
id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
title VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
timestamp VARCHAR(7) NOT NULL,
link VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
episode_id INT NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY(episode_id) REFERENCES episodes(id));

CREATE TABLE personas_clips (
clip_id INT NOT NULL,
persona_id INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (clip_id,persona_id),
FOREIGN KEY(clip_id) REFERENCES clips(id),
FOREIGN KEY(persona_id) REFERENCES personas(id));

CREATE TABLE images (
id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
link VARCHAR(120) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
path VARCHAR(120) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
episode_id INT NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY(episode_id) REFERENCES episodes(id));

CREATE TABLE personas_images (
persona_id INT NOT NULL,
image_id INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (persona_id,image_id),
FOREIGN KEY(persona_id) REFERENCES personas(id),
FOREIGN KEY(image_id) REFERENCES images(id));

And I've attempted to create the same schema in SQLAchemy models (keeping in mind SQLite for testing, PostgreSQL for production) like so:

# db is a configured Flask-SQLAlchemy instance
from app import db
# Alias common SQLAlchemy names
Column = db.Column
relationship = db.relationship


class PkModel(Model):
    """Base model class that adds a 'primary key' column named ``id``."""
 
    __abstract__ = True
    id = Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
 
 
def reference_col(
    tablename, nullable=False, pk_name="id", foreign_key_kwargs=None, column_kwargs=None
):
    """Column that adds primary key foreign key reference.
 
    Usage: ::
 
        category_id = reference_col('category')
        category = relationship('Category', backref='categories')
    """
    foreign_key_kwargs = foreign_key_kwargs or {}
    column_kwargs = column_kwargs or {}
 
    return Column(
        db.ForeignKey(f"{tablename}.{pk_name}", **foreign_key_kwargs),
        nullable=nullable,
        **column_kwargs,
    )

personas_episodes = db.Table(
    "personas_episodes",
    db.Column("persona_id", db.ForeignKey("personas.id"), primary_key=True),
    db.Column("episode_id", db.ForeignKey("episodes.id"), primary_key=True),
)
 
personas_clips = db.Table(
    "personas_clips",
    db.Column("persona_id", db.ForeignKey("personas.id"), primary_key=True),
    db.Column("clip_id", db.ForeignKey("clips.id"), primary_key=True),
)
 
personas_images = db.Table(
    "personas_images",
    db.Column("persona_id", db.ForeignKey("personas.id"), primary_key=True),
    db.Column("image_id", db.ForeignKey("images.id"), primary_key=True),
)
 
 
class Persona(PkModel):
    """One of Roger's personas."""
 
    __tablename__ = "personas"
    name = Column(db.String(80), unique=True, nullable=False)
    bio = Column(db.Text)
    # relationships
    episodes = relationship("Episode", secondary=personas_episodes, back_populates="personas")
    clips = relationship("Clip", secondary=personas_clips, back_populates="personas")
    images = relationship("Image", secondary=personas_images, back_populates="personas")
 
    def __repr__(self):
        """Represent instance as a unique string."""
        return f"<Persona({self.name!r})>"
 
 
class Image(PkModel):
    """An image of one of Roger's personas from an episode of American Dad."""
    
    __tablename__ = "images"
    link = Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
    path = Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
    episode_id = reference_col("episodes")
    # relationships
    personas = relationship("Persona", secondary=personas_images, back_populates="images")
    
 
 
class Episode(PkModel):
    """An episode of American Dad."""
    
    # FIXME: We can add Clips and Images linked to Personas that are not assigned to this episode
 
    __tablename__ = "episodes"
    title = Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    plot = Column(db.Text)
    tmdb_id = Column(db.String(10))
    tvdb_id = Column(db.String(10))
    imdb_id = Column(db.String(10))
    # relationships
    personas = relationship("Persona", secondary=personas_episodes, back_populates="episodes")
    images = relationship("Image", backref="episode")
    clips = relationship("Clip", backref="episode")
 
    def __repr__(self):
        """Represent instance as a unique string."""
        return f"<Episode({self.title!r})>"
 
 
class Clip(PkModel):
    """A clip from an episode of American Dad that contains one or more of Roger's personas."""
 
    __tablename__ = "clips"
    title = Column(db.String(80), unique=True, nullable=False)
    timestamp = Column(db.String(7), nullable=True)  # 00M:00S
    link = Column(db.String(7), nullable=True)
    episode_id = reference_col("episodes")
    # relationships
    personas = relationship("Persona", secondary=personas_clips, back_populates="clips")

However, notice the FIXME comment. I'm having trouble figuring out how to constrain the many-to-many relationships on personas+images, personas+clips, and personas+episodes in a way that they all look at each other before adding a new entry to restrict the possible additions to the subset of items that meet the criteria of those other many-to-many relationships.

Can someone please provide a solution to ensure the many-to-many relationships respect the one-to-one relationships in the parent tables?

from SQLAlchemy - Adding a ForeignKeyConstraint to a many-to-many table that is based on another relationship