How to encode binary data as any arbitrary text representation?

I need a pair of functions for encoding binary data as any arbitrary text representation, and decoding it back

Say we have an ArrayBuffer of any size:

const buffer = new ArrayBuffer(1000)

Then we define a hexadecimal "lingo", and use it for encoding and decoding hex strings:

const lingo = "0123456789abcdef"

const text = encode(buffer, lingo)
const data = decode(text, lingo)

My goal is to define my own base48 "lingo", which omits vowels to avoid naughty words:

const lingo = "256789bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyzBCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ"

const text = encode(buffer, lingo)
const data = decode(text, lingo)

How can we approach creating the algorithms for efficiently transforming data between arbitrary representations? Even though this strikes me as something quite fundamental, I'm having a hard time finding resources to help me with this task

Bonus points if you can think of any plausible naughty words without any vowels, I even took out the numbers that look like vowels!

I'm working in javascript, but I'd also like to understand the principals in general. Thanks!

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