Multi module project Instrumentation test code coverage in non 'app' modules

I have a project structue like:

--app

--module2

--module3

I am writing instrumentation test cases for my multi module android project with jacoco code coverage. If I execute the instrumentation test cases from 'app' module, code coverage is only generated for 'app' module classes.

So, in order to get code coverage for 'module2' & 'module3' classes; I have written instrumentation test cases in respective modules.

Issue arises when I execute instrumentation test cases in non-app modules, am unable to launch the main activity, app is not launching during instrumentation and test cases are failing.

Root cause is:

@Rule
public ActivityTestRule<MainActivity> mActivityTestRule = new ActivityTestRule<>(MainActivity.class);

@Rule is not declared in 'module2' & 'module3' which launch 'MainActivity.class'. I cannot import 'MainActiviy' to these modules because of some circular dependency issues.

Error:

java.lang.RuntimeException: No activities found. Did you forget to launch the activity by calling getActivity() or startActivitySync or similar?

How to tackle this ?

NB: This question is exclusively for instrumentation test, not for unit test(this is already handled in unit tests)

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