How to observe a change in the URL using JavaScript?

The documentation for the popstate Window event states:

Note that just calling history.pushState() or history.replaceState() won't trigger a popstate event. The popstate event will be triggered by doing a browser action such as a click on the back or forward button (or calling history.back() or history.forward() in JavaScript).

I need a way to execute some code when the URL changes by means that don't trigger the popstate event (such as history.replaceState()). Preferably, using the MutationObserver API^[1], and most definitely without polling the URL every x seconds.

Also, hashchange won't do, as I must act on every change in the URL, not just the hash part.

Is that possible?

^[1] It is explained on another question why the MutationObserver API doesn't work for this.

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(other) Related questions:

• Is it possible to capture the window.location.replace event?
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• Attaching change notifier for window.location
• How to detect URL change in JavaScript
• history.pushState does not trigger 'popstate' event

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